optional.hpp

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//
// Copyright (c) 2014-2018 Martin Moene
//
// https://github.com/martinmoene/optional-lite
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0.
// (See accompanying file LICENSE.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
 
#pragma once
 
#ifndef NONSTD_OPTIONAL_LITE_HPP
#define NONSTD_OPTIONAL_LITE_HPP
 
#define optional_lite_MAJOR  3
#define optional_lite_MINOR  1
#define optional_lite_PATCH  1
 
#define optional_lite_VERSION  optional_STRINGIFY(optional_lite_MAJOR) "." optional_STRINGIFY(optional_lite_MINOR) "." optional_STRINGIFY(optional_lite_PATCH)
 
#define optional_STRINGIFY(  x )  optional_STRINGIFY_( x )
#define optional_STRINGIFY_( x )  #x
 
// optional-lite configuration:
 
#define optional_OPTIONAL_DEFAULT  0
#define optional_OPTIONAL_NONSTD   1
#define optional_OPTIONAL_STD      2
 
#if !defined( optional_CONFIG_SELECT_OPTIONAL )
# define optional_CONFIG_SELECT_OPTIONAL  ( optional_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL ? optional_OPTIONAL_STD : optional_OPTIONAL_NONSTD )
#endif
 
// Control presence of exception handling (try and auto discover):
 
#ifndef optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
# if defined(__cpp_exceptions) || defined(__EXCEPTIONS) || defined(_CPPUNWIND)
#  define optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS  0
# else
#  define optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS  1
# endif
#endif
 
// C++ language version detection (C++20 is speculative):
// Note: VC14.0/1900 (VS2015) lacks too much from C++14.
 
#ifndef   optional_CPLUSPLUS
# if defined(_MSVC_LANG ) && !defined(__clang__)
#  define optional_CPLUSPLUS  (_MSC_VER == 1900 ? 201103L : _MSVC_LANG )
# else
#  define optional_CPLUSPLUS  __cplusplus
# endif
#endif
 
#define optional_CPP98_OR_GREATER  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 199711L )
#define optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 201103L )
#define optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 201103L )
#define optional_CPP14_OR_GREATER  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 201402L )
#define optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 201703L )
#define optional_CPP20_OR_GREATER  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS >= 202000L )
 
// C++ language version (represent 98 as 3):
 
#define optional_CPLUSPLUS_V  ( optional_CPLUSPLUS / 100 - (optional_CPLUSPLUS > 200000 ? 2000 : 1994) )
 
// Use C++17 std::optional if available and requested:
 
#if optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER && defined(__has_include )
# if __has_include( <optional> )
#  define optional_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL  1
# else
#  define optional_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL  0
# endif
#else
# define  optional_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL  0
#endif
 
#define optional_USES_STD_OPTIONAL  ( (optional_CONFIG_SELECT_OPTIONAL == optional_OPTIONAL_STD) || ((optional_CONFIG_SELECT_OPTIONAL == optional_OPTIONAL_DEFAULT) && optional_HAVE_STD_OPTIONAL) )
 
//
// in_place: code duplicated in any-lite, expected-lite, optional-lite, value-ptr-lite, variant-lite:
//
 
#ifndef nonstd_lite_HAVE_IN_PLACE_TYPES
#define nonstd_lite_HAVE_IN_PLACE_TYPES  1
 
// C++17 std::in_place in <utility>:
 
#if optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER
 
#include <utility>
 
namespace nonstd {
 
using std::in_place;
using std::in_place_type;
using std::in_place_index;
using std::in_place_t;
using std::in_place_type_t;
using std::in_place_index_t;
 
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_t(      T)  std::in_place_t
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_type_t( T)  std::in_place_type_t<T>
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_index_t(K)  std::in_place_index_t<K>
 
#define nonstd_lite_in_place(      T)    std::in_place_t{}
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_type( T)    std::in_place_type_t<T>{}
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_index(K)    std::in_place_index_t<K>{}
 
} // namespace nonstd
 
#else // optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER
 
#include <cstddef>
 
namespace nonstd {
namespace detail {
 
template< class T >
struct in_place_type_tag {};
 
template< std::size_t K >
struct in_place_index_tag {};
 
} // namespace detail
 
struct in_place_t {};
 
template< class T >
inline in_place_t in_place( detail::in_place_type_tag<T> /*unused*/ = detail::in_place_type_tag<T>() )
{
    return in_place_t();
}
 
template< std::size_t K >
inline in_place_t in_place( detail::in_place_index_tag<K> /*unused*/ = detail::in_place_index_tag<K>() )
{
    return in_place_t();
}
 
template< class T >
inline in_place_t in_place_type( detail::in_place_type_tag<T> /*unused*/ = detail::in_place_type_tag<T>() )
{
    return in_place_t();
}
 
template< std::size_t K >
inline in_place_t in_place_index( detail::in_place_index_tag<K> /*unused*/ = detail::in_place_index_tag<K>() )
{
    return in_place_t();
}
 
// mimic templated typedef:
 
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_t(      T)  nonstd::in_place_t(&)( nonstd::detail::in_place_type_tag<T>  )
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_type_t( T)  nonstd::in_place_t(&)( nonstd::detail::in_place_type_tag<T>  )
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_index_t(K)  nonstd::in_place_t(&)( nonstd::detail::in_place_index_tag<K> )
 
#define nonstd_lite_in_place(      T)    nonstd::in_place_type<T>
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_type( T)    nonstd::in_place_type<T>
#define nonstd_lite_in_place_index(K)    nonstd::in_place_index<K>
 
} // namespace nonstd
 
#endif // optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER
#endif // nonstd_lite_HAVE_IN_PLACE_TYPES
 
//
// Using std::optional:
//
 
#if optional_USES_STD_OPTIONAL
 
#include <optional>
 
namespace nonstd {
 
    using std::optional;
    using std::bad_optional_access;
    using std::hash;
 
    using std::nullopt;
    using std::nullopt_t;
 
    using std::operator==;
    using std::operator!=;
    using std::operator<;
    using std::operator<=;
    using std::operator>;
    using std::operator>=;
    using std::make_optional;
    using std::swap;
}
 
#else // optional_USES_STD_OPTIONAL
 
#include <cassert>
#include <utility>
 
// optional-lite alignment configuration:
 
#ifndef  optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
# define optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK  0
#endif
 
#ifndef  optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS
// no default, used in #if defined()
#endif
 
#ifndef  optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS_FALLBACK
# define optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS_FALLBACK  double
#endif
 
// Compiler warning suppression:
 
#if defined(__clang__)
# pragma clang diagnostic push
# pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wundef"
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
# pragma GCC   diagnostic push
# pragma GCC   diagnostic ignored "-Wundef"
#elif defined(_MSC_VER )
# pragma warning( push )
#endif
 
// half-open range [lo..hi):
#define optional_BETWEEN( v, lo, hi ) ( (lo) <= (v) && (v) < (hi) )
 
// Compiler versions:
//
// MSVC++ 6.0  _MSC_VER == 1200 (Visual Studio 6.0)
// MSVC++ 7.0  _MSC_VER == 1300 (Visual Studio .NET 2002)
// MSVC++ 7.1  _MSC_VER == 1310 (Visual Studio .NET 2003)
// MSVC++ 8.0  _MSC_VER == 1400 (Visual Studio 2005)
// MSVC++ 9.0  _MSC_VER == 1500 (Visual Studio 2008)
// MSVC++ 10.0 _MSC_VER == 1600 (Visual Studio 2010)
// MSVC++ 11.0 _MSC_VER == 1700 (Visual Studio 2012)
// MSVC++ 12.0 _MSC_VER == 1800 (Visual Studio 2013)
// MSVC++ 14.0 _MSC_VER == 1900 (Visual Studio 2015)
// MSVC++ 14.1 _MSC_VER >= 1910 (Visual Studio 2017)
 
#if defined(_MSC_VER ) && !defined(__clang__)
# define optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER      (_MSC_VER )
# define optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VERSION  (_MSC_VER / 10 - 10 * ( 5 + (_MSC_VER < 1900 ) ) )
#else
# define optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER      0
# define optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VERSION  0
#endif
 
#define optional_COMPILER_VERSION( major, minor, patch )  ( 10 * (10 * (major) + (minor) ) + (patch) )
 
#if defined(__GNUC__) && !defined(__clang__)
# define optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION   optional_COMPILER_VERSION(__GNUC__, __GNUC_MINOR__, __GNUC_PATCHLEVEL__)
#else
# define optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION   0
#endif
 
#if defined(__clang__)
# define optional_COMPILER_CLANG_VERSION  optional_COMPILER_VERSION(__clang_major__, __clang_minor__, __clang_patchlevel__)
#else
# define optional_COMPILER_CLANG_VERSION  0
#endif
 
#if optional_BETWEEN(optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VERSION, 70, 140 )
# pragma warning( disable: 4345 )   // initialization behavior changed
#endif
 
#if optional_BETWEEN(optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VERSION, 70, 150 )
# pragma warning( disable: 4814 )   // in C++14 'constexpr' will not imply 'const'
#endif
 
// Presence of language and library features:
 
#define optional_HAVE(FEATURE) ( optional_HAVE_##FEATURE )
 
#ifdef _HAS_CPP0X
# define optional_HAS_CPP0X  _HAS_CPP0X
#else
# define optional_HAS_CPP0X  0
#endif
 
// Unless defined otherwise below, consider VC14 as C++11 for optional-lite:
 
#if optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1900
# undef  optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
# define optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER  1
#endif
 
#define optional_CPP11_90   (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1500)
#define optional_CPP11_100  (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1600)
#define optional_CPP11_110  (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1700)
#define optional_CPP11_120  (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1800)
#define optional_CPP11_140  (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1900)
#define optional_CPP11_141  (optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER_ || optional_COMPILER_MSVC_VER >= 1910)
 
#define optional_CPP14_000  (optional_CPP14_OR_GREATER)
#define optional_CPP17_000  (optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER)
 
// Presence of C++11 language features:
 
#define optional_HAVE_CONSTEXPR_11      optional_CPP11_140
#define optional_HAVE_IS_DEFAULT        optional_CPP11_140
#define optional_HAVE_NOEXCEPT          optional_CPP11_140
#define optional_HAVE_NULLPTR           optional_CPP11_100
#define optional_HAVE_REF_QUALIFIER     optional_CPP11_140
 
// Presence of C++14 language features:
 
#define optional_HAVE_CONSTEXPR_14      optional_CPP14_000
 
// Presence of C++17 language features:
 
#define optional_HAVE_NODISCARD         optional_CPP17_000
 
// Presence of C++ library features:
 
#define optional_HAVE_CONDITIONAL       optional_CPP11_120
#define optional_HAVE_REMOVE_CV         optional_CPP11_120
#define optional_HAVE_TYPE_TRAITS       optional_CPP11_90
 
#define optional_HAVE_TR1_TYPE_TRAITS   (!! optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION )
#define optional_HAVE_TR1_ADD_POINTER   (!! optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION )
 
// C++ feature usage:
 
#if optional_HAVE( CONSTEXPR_11 )
# define optional_constexpr  constexpr
#else
# define optional_constexpr  /*constexpr*/
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( IS_DEFAULT )
# define optional_is_default  = default;
#else
# define optional_is_default  {}
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( CONSTEXPR_14 )
# define optional_constexpr14  constexpr
#else
# define optional_constexpr14  /*constexpr*/
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( NODISCARD )
# define optional_nodiscard  [[nodiscard]]
#else
# define optional_nodiscard  /*[[nodiscard]]*/
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( NOEXCEPT )
# define optional_noexcept  noexcept
#else
# define optional_noexcept  /*noexcept*/
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( NULLPTR )
# define optional_nullptr  nullptr
#else
# define optional_nullptr  NULL
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( REF_QUALIFIER )
// NOLINTNEXTLINE( bugprone-macro-parentheses )
# define optional_ref_qual  &
# define optional_refref_qual  &&
#else
# define optional_ref_qual  /*&*/
# define optional_refref_qual  /*&&*/
#endif
 
// additional includes:
 
#if optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
// already included: <cassert>
#else
# include <stdexcept>
#endif
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
# include <functional>
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( INITIALIZER_LIST )
# include <initializer_list>
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( TYPE_TRAITS )
# include <type_traits>
#elif optional_HAVE( TR1_TYPE_TRAITS )
# include <tr1/type_traits>
#endif
 
// Method enabling
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
#define optional_REQUIRES_0(...) \
    template< bool B = (__VA_ARGS__), typename std::enable_if<B, int>::type = 0 >
 
#define optional_REQUIRES_T(...) \
    , typename = typename std::enable_if< (__VA_ARGS__), nonstd::optional_lite::detail::enabler >::type
 
#define optional_REQUIRES_R(R, ...) \
    typename std::enable_if< (__VA_ARGS__), R>::type
 
#define optional_REQUIRES_A(...) \
    , typename std::enable_if< (__VA_ARGS__), void*>::type = nullptr
 
#endif
 
//
// optional:
//
 
namespace nonstd { namespace optional_lite {
 
namespace std11 {
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    using std::move;
#else
    template< typename T > T & move( T & t ) { return t; }
#endif
 
#if optional_HAVE( CONDITIONAL )
    using std::conditional;
#else
    template< bool B, typename T, typename F > struct conditional              { typedef T type; };
    template<         typename T, typename F > struct conditional<false, T, F> { typedef F type; };
#endif // optional_HAVE_CONDITIONAL
 
} // namespace std11
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
 
namespace std17 {
 
#if optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER
 
using std::is_swappable;
using std::is_nothrow_swappable;
 
#elif optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
namespace detail {
 
using std::swap;
 
struct is_swappable
{
    template< typename T, typename = decltype( swap( std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>() ) ) >
    static std::true_type test( int /*unused*/ );
 
    template< typename >
    static std::false_type test(...);
};
 
struct is_nothrow_swappable
{
    // wrap noexcept(expr) in separate function as work-around for VC140 (VS2015):
 
    template< typename T >
    static constexpr bool satisfies()
    {
        return noexcept( swap( std::declval<T&>(), std::declval<T&>() ) );
    }
 
    template< typename T >
    static auto test( int /*unused*/ ) -> std::integral_constant<bool, satisfies<T>()>{}
 
    template< typename >
    static auto test(...) -> std::false_type;
};
 
} // namespace detail
 
// is [nothow] swappable:
 
template< typename T >
struct is_swappable : decltype( detail::is_swappable::test<T>(0) ){};
 
template< typename T >
struct is_nothrow_swappable : decltype( detail::is_nothrow_swappable::test<T>(0) ){};
 
#endif // optional_CPP17_OR_GREATER
 
} // namespace std17
 
 
namespace std20 {
 
template< typename T >
struct remove_cvref
{
    typedef typename std::remove_cv< typename std::remove_reference<T>::type >::type type;
};
 
} // namespace std20
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
 
template< typename T >
class optional;
 
namespace detail {
 
// for optional_REQUIRES_T
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
enum class enabler{};
#endif
 
// C++11 emulation:
 
struct nulltype{};
 
template< typename Head, typename Tail >
struct typelist
{
    typedef Head head;
    typedef Tail tail;
};
 
#if optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
// Max align, use most restricted type for alignment:
 
#define optional_UNIQUE(  name )       optional_UNIQUE2( name, __LINE__ )
#define optional_UNIQUE2( name, line ) optional_UNIQUE3( name, line )
#define optional_UNIQUE3( name, line ) name ## line
 
#define optional_ALIGN_TYPE( type ) \
    type optional_UNIQUE( _t ); struct_t< type > optional_UNIQUE( _st )
 
template< typename T >
struct struct_t { T _; };
 
union max_align_t
{
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( char );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( short int );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( int );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long int  );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( float  );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( double );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long double );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( char * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( short int * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( int *  );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long int * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( float * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( double * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long double * );
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( void * );
 
#ifdef HAVE_LONG_LONG
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long long );
#endif
 
    struct Unknown;
 
    Unknown ( * optional_UNIQUE(_) )( Unknown );
    Unknown * Unknown::* optional_UNIQUE(_);
    Unknown ( Unknown::* optional_UNIQUE(_) )( Unknown );
 
    struct_t< Unknown ( * )( Unknown)         > optional_UNIQUE(_);
    struct_t< Unknown * Unknown::*            > optional_UNIQUE(_);
    struct_t< Unknown ( Unknown::* )(Unknown) > optional_UNIQUE(_);
};
 
#undef optional_UNIQUE
#undef optional_UNIQUE2
#undef optional_UNIQUE3
 
#undef optional_ALIGN_TYPE
 
#elif defined( optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS ) // optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
// Use user-specified type for alignment:
 
#define optional_ALIGN_AS( unused ) \
    optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS
 
#else // optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
// Determine POD type to use for alignment:
 
#define optional_ALIGN_AS( to_align ) \
    typename type_of_size< alignment_types, alignment_of< to_align >::value >::type
 
template< typename T >
struct alignment_of;
 
template< typename T >
struct alignment_of_hack
{
    char c;
    T t;
    alignment_of_hack();
};
 
template< size_t A, size_t S >
struct alignment_logic
{
    enum { value = A < S ? A : S };
};
 
template< typename T >
struct alignment_of
{
    enum { value = alignment_logic<
        sizeof( alignment_of_hack<T> ) - sizeof(T), sizeof(T) >::value };
};
 
template< typename List, size_t N >
struct type_of_size
{
    typedef typename std11::conditional<
        N == sizeof( typename List::head ),
            typename List::head,
            typename type_of_size<typename List::tail, N >::type >::type type;
};
 
template< size_t N >
struct type_of_size< nulltype, N >
{
    typedef optional_CONFIG_ALIGN_AS_FALLBACK type;
};
 
template< typename T>
struct struct_t { T _; };
 
#define optional_ALIGN_TYPE( type ) \
    typelist< type , typelist< struct_t< type >
 
struct Unknown;
 
typedef
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( char ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( short ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( int ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( float ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( double ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long double ),
 
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( char *),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( short * ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( int * ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long * ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( float * ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( double * ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( long double * ),
 
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( Unknown ( * )( Unknown ) ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( Unknown * Unknown::*     ),
    optional_ALIGN_TYPE( Unknown ( Unknown::* )( Unknown ) ),
 
    nulltype
    > > > > > > >    > > > > > > >
    > > > > > > >    > > > > > > >
    > > > > > >
    alignment_types;
 
#undef optional_ALIGN_TYPE
 
#endif // optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
 
template< typename T >
union storage_t
{
//private:
//    template< typename > friend class optional;
 
    typedef T value_type;
 
    storage_t() optional_is_default
 
    explicit storage_t( value_type const & v )
    {
        construct_value( v );
    }
 
    void construct_value( value_type const & v )
    {
        ::new( value_ptr() ) value_type( v );
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    explicit storage_t( value_type && v )
    {
        construct_value( std::move( v ) );
    }
 
    void construct_value( value_type && v )
    {
        ::new( value_ptr() ) value_type( std::move( v ) );
    }
 
    template< class... Args >
    void emplace( Args&&... args )
    {
        ::new( value_ptr() ) value_type( std::forward<Args>(args)... );
    }
 
    template< class U, class... Args >
    void emplace( std::initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args )
    {
        ::new( value_ptr() ) value_type( il, std::forward<Args>(args)... );
    }
 
#endif
 
    void destruct_value()
    {
        value_ptr()->~T();
    }
 
    optional_nodiscard value_type const * value_ptr() const
    {
        return as<value_type>();
    }
 
    value_type * value_ptr()
    {
        return as<value_type>();
    }
 
    optional_nodiscard value_type const & value() const optional_ref_qual
    {
        return * value_ptr();
    }
 
    value_type & value() optional_ref_qual
    {
        return * value_ptr();
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    optional_nodiscard value_type const && value() const optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( value() );
    }
 
    value_type && value() optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( value() );
    }
 
#endif
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    using aligned_storage_t = typename std::aligned_storage< sizeof(value_type), alignof(value_type) >::type;
    aligned_storage_t data;
 
#elif optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
    typedef struct { unsigned char data[ sizeof(value_type) ]; } aligned_storage_t;
 
    max_align_t hack;
    aligned_storage_t data;
 
#else
    typedef optional_ALIGN_AS(value_type) align_as_type;
 
    typedef struct { align_as_type data[ 1 + ( sizeof(value_type) - 1 ) / sizeof(align_as_type) ]; } aligned_storage_t;
    aligned_storage_t data;
 
#   undef optional_ALIGN_AS
 
#endif // optional_CONFIG_MAX_ALIGN_HACK
 
    optional_nodiscard void * ptr() optional_noexcept
    {
        return &data;
    }
 
    optional_nodiscard void const * ptr() const optional_noexcept
    {
        return &data;
    }
 
    template <typename U>
    optional_nodiscard U * as()
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<U*>( ptr() );
    }
 
    template <typename U>
    optional_nodiscard U const * as() const
    {
        return reinterpret_cast<U const *>( ptr() );
    }
};
 
} // namespace detail
 
 
struct nullopt_t
{
    struct init{};
    explicit optional_constexpr nullopt_t( init /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept {}
};
 
#if optional_HAVE( CONSTEXPR_11 )
constexpr nullopt_t nullopt{ nullopt_t::init{} };
#else
// extra parenthesis to prevent the most vexing parse:
const nullopt_t nullopt(( nullopt_t::init() ));
#endif
 
 
#if ! optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
 
class bad_optional_access : public std::logic_error
{
public:
  explicit bad_optional_access()
  : logic_error( "bad optional access" ) {}
};
 
#endif //optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
 
 
template< typename T>
class optional
{
private:
    template< typename > friend class optional;
 
    typedef void (optional::*safe_bool)() const;
 
public:
    typedef T value_type;
 
    // x.x.3.1, constructors
 
    // 1a - default construct
    optional_constexpr optional() optional_noexcept
    : has_value_( false )
    , contained()
    {}
 
    // 1b - construct explicitly empty
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( google-explicit-constructor, hicpp-explicit-conversions )
    optional_constexpr optional( nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
    : has_value_( false )
    , contained()
    {}
 
    // 2 - copy-construct
    optional_constexpr14 optional( optional const & other
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            true || std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value
        )
#endif
    )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( other.contained.value() );
        }
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 3 (C++11) - move-construct from optional
    optional_constexpr14 optional( optional && other
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            true || std::is_move_constructible<T>::value
        )
        // NOLINTNEXTLINE( performance-noexcept-move-constructor )
    ) noexcept( std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( std::move( other.contained.value() ) );
        }
    }
 
    // 4a (C++11) - explicit converting copy-construct from optional
    template< typename U >
    explicit optional( optional<U> const & other
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U const &>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<               U const & , T>::value /*=> explicit */
        )
    )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( T{ other.contained.value() } );
        }
    }
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 4b (C++98 and later) - non-explicit converting copy-construct from optional
    template< typename U >
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( google-explicit-constructor, hicpp-explicit-conversions )
    optional( optional<U> const & other
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U const &>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            &&  std::is_convertible<               U const & , T>::value /*=> non-explicit */
        )
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( other.contained.value() );
        }
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 5a (C++11) - explicit converting move-construct from optional
    template< typename U >
    explicit optional( optional<U> && other
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U &&>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<                     U &&, T>::value /*=> explicit */
        )
    )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( T{ std::move( other.contained.value() ) } );
        }
    }
 
    // 5a (C++11) - non-explicit converting move-construct from optional
    template< typename U >
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( google-explicit-constructor, hicpp-explicit-conversions )
    optional( optional<U> && other
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U &&>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            &&  std::is_convertible<                     U &&, T>::value /*=> non-explicit */
        )
    )
    : has_value_( other.has_value() )
    {
        if ( other.has_value() )
        {
            contained.construct_value( std::move( other.contained.value() ) );
        }
    }
 
    // 6 (C++11) - in-place construct
    template< typename... Args
        optional_REQUIRES_T(
            std::is_constructible<T, Args&&...>::value
        )
    >
    optional_constexpr explicit optional( nonstd_lite_in_place_t(T), Args&&... args )
    : has_value_( true )
    , contained( T( std::forward<Args>(args)...) )
    {}
 
    // 7 (C++11) - in-place construct,  initializer-list
    template< typename U, typename... Args
        optional_REQUIRES_T(
            std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>&, Args&&...>::value
        )
    >
    optional_constexpr explicit optional( nonstd_lite_in_place_t(T), std::initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args )
    : has_value_( true )
    , contained( T( il, std::forward<Args>(args)...) )
    {}
 
    // 8a (C++11) - explicit move construct from value
    template< typename U = value_type >
    optional_constexpr explicit optional( U && value
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U&&>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, nonstd_lite_in_place_t(U)>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, optional<T>>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<U&&, T>::value /*=> explicit */
        )
    )
    : has_value_( true )
    , contained( T{ std::forward<U>( value ) } )
    {}
 
    // 8b (C++11) - non-explicit move construct from value
    template< typename U = value_type >
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( google-explicit-constructor, hicpp-explicit-conversions )
    optional_constexpr optional( U && value
        optional_REQUIRES_A(
            std::is_constructible<T, U&&>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, nonstd_lite_in_place_t(U)>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, optional<T>>::value
            && std::is_convertible<U&&, T>::value /*=> non-explicit */
        )
    )
    : has_value_( true )
    , contained( std::forward<U>( value ) )
    {}
 
#else // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 8 (C++98)
    optional( value_type const & value )
    : has_value_( true )
    , contained( value )
    {}
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // x.x.3.2, destructor
 
    ~optional()
    {
        if ( has_value() )
        {
            contained.destruct_value();
        }
    }
 
    // x.x.3.3, assignment
 
    // 1 (C++98and later) -  assign explicitly empty
    optional & operator=( nullopt_t /*unused*/) optional_noexcept
    {
        reset();
        return *this;
    }
 
    // 2 (C++98and later) - copy-assign from optional
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature, misc-unconventional-assign-operator )
    optional_REQUIRES_R(
        optional &,
        true
//      std::is_copy_constructible<T>::value
//      && std::is_copy_assignable<T>::value
    )
    operator=( optional const & other )
        noexcept(
            std::is_nothrow_move_assignable<T>::value
            && std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value
        )
#else
    optional & operator=( optional const & other )
#endif
    {
        if      ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == false) ) { reset(); }
        else if ( (has_value() == false) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { initialize( *other ); }
        else if ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { contained.value() = *other; }
        return *this;
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 3 (C++11) - move-assign from optional
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature, misc-unconventional-assign-operator )
    optional_REQUIRES_R(
        optional &,
        true
//      std::is_move_constructible<T>::value
//      && std::is_move_assignable<T>::value
    )
    operator=( optional && other ) noexcept
    {
        if      ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == false) ) { reset(); }
        else if ( (has_value() == false) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { initialize( std::move( *other ) ); }
        else if ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { contained.value() = std::move( *other ); }
        return *this;
    }
 
    // 4 (C++11) - move-assign from value
    template< typename U = T >
        // NOLINTNEXTLINE( cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature, misc-unconventional-assign-operator )
        optional_REQUIRES_R(
            optional &,
            std::is_constructible<T , U>::value
            && std::is_assignable<T&, U>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, nonstd_lite_in_place_t(U)>::value
            && !std::is_same<typename std20::remove_cvref<U>::type, optional<T>>::value
            && !(std::is_scalar<T>::value && std::is_same<T, typename std::decay<U>::type>::value)
        )
    operator=( U && value )
    {
        if ( has_value() )
        {
            contained.value() = std::forward<U>( value );
        }
        else
        {
            initialize( T( std::forward<U>( value ) ) );
        }
        return *this;
    }
 
#else // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 4 (C++98) - copy-assign from value
    template< typename U /*= T*/ >
    optional & operator=( U const & value )
    {
        if ( has_value() ) contained.value() = value;
        else               initialize( T( value ) );
        return *this;
    }
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 5 (C++98 and later) - converting copy-assign from optional
    template< typename U >
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
        // NOLINTNEXTLINE( cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature, misc-unconventional-assign-operator )
        optional_REQUIRES_R(
            optional&,
            std::is_constructible<  T , U const &>::value
            &&  std::is_assignable< T&, U const &>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> const &&   >::value
        )
#else
    optional&
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    operator=( optional<U> const & other )
    {
        return *this = optional( other );
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // 6 (C++11) -  converting move-assign from optional
    template< typename U >
        // NOLINTNEXTLINE( cppcoreguidelines-c-copy-assignment-signature, misc-unconventional-assign-operator )
        optional_REQUIRES_R(
            optional&,
            std::is_constructible<  T , U>::value
            &&  std::is_assignable< T&, U>::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_constructible<T, optional<U> const &&   >::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &       , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> &&      , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const & , T>::value
            && !std::is_convertible<     optional<U> const &&, T>::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> &          >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> &&         >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> const &    >::value
            && !std::is_assignable<  T&, optional<U> const &&   >::value
        )
    operator=( optional<U> && other )
    {
        return *this = optional( std::move( other ) );
    }
 
    // 7 (C++11) - emplace
    template< typename... Args
        optional_REQUIRES_T(
            std::is_constructible<T, Args&&...>::value
        )
    >
    T& emplace( Args&&... args )
    {
        *this = nullopt;
        contained.emplace( std::forward<Args>(args)...  );
        has_value_ = true;
        return contained.value();
    }
 
    // 8 (C++11) - emplace, initializer-list
    template< typename U, typename... Args
        optional_REQUIRES_T(
            std::is_constructible<T, std::initializer_list<U>&, Args&&...>::value
        )
    >
    T& emplace( std::initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args )
    {
        *this = nullopt;
        contained.emplace( il, std::forward<Args>(args)...  );
        has_value_ = true;
        return contained.value();
    }
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // x.x.3.4, swap
 
    void swap( optional & other )
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
        noexcept(
            std::is_nothrow_move_constructible<T>::value
            && std17::is_nothrow_swappable<T>::value
        )
#endif
    {
        using std::swap;
        if      ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { swap( **this, *other ); }
        else if ( (has_value() == false) && (other.has_value() == true ) ) { initialize( std11::move(*other) ); other.reset(); }
        else if ( (has_value() == true ) && (other.has_value() == false) ) { other.initialize( std11::move(**this) ); reset(); }
    }
 
    // x.x.3.5, observers
 
    optional_constexpr value_type const * operator ->() const
    {
        return assert( has_value() ),
            contained.value_ptr();
    }
 
    optional_constexpr14 value_type * operator ->()
    {
        return assert( has_value() ),
            contained.value_ptr();
    }
 
    optional_constexpr value_type const & operator *() const optional_ref_qual
    {
        return assert( has_value() ),
            contained.value();
    }
 
    optional_constexpr14 value_type & operator *() optional_ref_qual
    {
        return assert( has_value() ),
            contained.value();
    }
 
#if optional_HAVE( REF_QUALIFIER )  &&  ( !optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION || optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION >= 490 )
 
    optional_constexpr value_type const && operator *() const optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( **this );
    }
 
    optional_constexpr14 value_type && operator *() optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( **this );
    }
 
#endif
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    optional_constexpr explicit operator bool() const optional_noexcept
    {
        return has_value();
    }
#else
    optional_constexpr operator safe_bool() const optional_noexcept
    {
        return has_value() ? &optional::this_type_does_not_support_comparisons : 0;
    }
#endif
 
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( modernize-use-nodiscard )
    /*optional_nodiscard*/ optional_constexpr bool has_value() const optional_noexcept
    {
        return has_value_;
    }
 
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( modernize-use-nodiscard )
    /*optional_nodiscard*/ optional_constexpr14 value_type const & value() const optional_ref_qual
    {
#if optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
        assert( has_value() );
#else
        if ( ! has_value() )
        {
            throw bad_optional_access();
        }
#endif
        return contained.value();
    }
 
    optional_constexpr14 value_type & value() optional_ref_qual
    {
#if optional_CONFIG_NO_EXCEPTIONS
        assert( has_value() );
#else
        if ( ! has_value() )
        {
            throw bad_optional_access();
        }
#endif
        return contained.value();
    }
 
#if optional_HAVE( REF_QUALIFIER )  &&  ( !optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION || optional_COMPILER_GNUC_VERSION >= 490 )
 
    // NOLINTNEXTLINE( modernize-use-nodiscard )
    /*optional_nodiscard*/ optional_constexpr value_type const && value() const optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( value() );
    }
 
    optional_constexpr14 value_type && value() optional_refref_qual
    {
        return std::move( value() );
    }
 
#endif
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    template< typename U >
    optional_constexpr value_type value_or( U && v ) const optional_ref_qual
    {
        return has_value() ? contained.value() : static_cast<T>(std::forward<U>( v ) );
    }
 
    template< typename U >
    optional_constexpr14 value_type value_or( U && v ) optional_refref_qual
    {
        return has_value() ? std::move( contained.value() ) : static_cast<T>(std::forward<U>( v ) );
    }
 
#else
 
    template< typename U >
    optional_constexpr value_type value_or( U const & v ) const
    {
        return has_value() ? contained.value() : static_cast<value_type>( v );
    }
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
    // x.x.3.6, modifiers
 
    void reset() optional_noexcept
    {
        if ( has_value() )
        {
            contained.destruct_value();
        }
 
        has_value_ = false;
    }
 
private:
    void this_type_does_not_support_comparisons() const {}
 
    template< typename V >
    void initialize( V const & value )
    {
        assert( ! has_value()  );
        contained.construct_value( value );
        has_value_ = true;
    }
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    template< typename V >
    void initialize( V && value )
    {
        assert( ! has_value()  );
        contained.construct_value( std::move( value ) );
        has_value_ = true;
    }
 
#endif
 
private:
    bool has_value_;
    detail::storage_t< value_type > contained;
 
};
 
// Relational operators
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator==( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return bool(x) != bool(y) ? false : !bool( x ) ? true : *x == *y;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator!=( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return !(x == y);
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return (!y) ? false : (!x) ? true : *x < *y;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return (y < x);
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<=( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return !(y < x);
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>=( optional<T> const & x, optional<U> const & y )
{
    return !(x < y);
}
 
// Comparison with nullopt
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator==( optional<T> const & x, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return (!x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator==( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & x ) optional_noexcept
{
    return (!x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator!=( optional<T> const & x, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return bool(x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator!=( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & x ) optional_noexcept
{
    return bool(x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<( optional<T> const & /*unused*/, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return false;
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & x ) optional_noexcept
{
    return bool(x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<=( optional<T> const & x, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return (!x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<=( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return true;
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>( optional<T> const & x, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return bool(x);
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return false;
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>=( optional<T> const & /*unused*/, nullopt_t /*unused*/ ) optional_noexcept
{
    return true;
}
 
template< typename T >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>=( nullopt_t /*unused*/, optional<T> const & x ) optional_noexcept
{
    return (!x);
}
 
// Comparison with T
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator==( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x == v : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator==( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v == *x : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator!=( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x != v : true;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator!=( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v != *x : true;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x < v : true;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v < *x : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<=( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x <= v : true;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator<=( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v <= *x : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x > v : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v > *x : true;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>=( optional<T> const & x, U const & v )
{
    return bool(x) ? *x >= v : false;
}
 
template< typename T, typename U >
inline optional_constexpr bool operator>=( U const & v, optional<T> const & x )
{
    return bool(x) ? v >= *x : true;
}
 
// Specialized algorithms
 
template< typename T
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    optional_REQUIRES_T(
        std::is_move_constructible<T>::value
        && std17::is_swappable<T>::value )
#endif
>
void swap( optional<T> & x, optional<T> & y )
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
    noexcept( noexcept( x.swap(y) ) )
#endif
{
    x.swap( y );
}
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
template< typename T >
optional_constexpr optional< typename std::decay<T>::type > make_optional( T && value )
{
    return optional< typename std::decay<T>::type >( std::forward<T>( value ) );
}
 
template< typename T, typename...Args >
optional_constexpr optional<T> make_optional( Args&&... args )
{
    return optional<T>( nonstd_lite_in_place(T), std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}
 
template< typename T, typename U, typename... Args >
optional_constexpr optional<T> make_optional( std::initializer_list<U> il, Args&&... args )
{
    return optional<T>( nonstd_lite_in_place(T), il, std::forward<Args>(args)...);
}
 
#else
 
template< typename T >
optional<T> make_optional( T const & value )
{
    return optional<T>( value );
}
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
} // namespace optional_lite
 
using optional_lite::optional;
using optional_lite::nullopt_t;
using optional_lite::nullopt;
using optional_lite::bad_optional_access;
 
using optional_lite::make_optional;
 
} // namespace nonstd
 
#if optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
// specialize the std::hash algorithm:
 
namespace std {
 
template< class T >
struct hash< nonstd::optional<T> >
{
public:
    std::size_t operator()( nonstd::optional<T> const & v ) const optional_noexcept
    {
        return bool( v ) ? std::hash<T>{}( *v ) : 0;
    }
};
 
} //namespace std
 
#endif // optional_CPP11_OR_GREATER
 
#if defined(__clang__)
# pragma clang diagnostic pop
#elif defined(__GNUC__)
# pragma GCC   diagnostic pop
#elif defined(_MSC_VER )
# pragma warning( pop )
#endif
 
#endif // optional_USES_STD_OPTIONAL
 
#endif // NONSTD_OPTIONAL_LITE_HPP